The purpose of the study was to examine the effectiveness of using a hand-held Computer Algebra System (CAS) to create rich mathematical explorations for middle grades students. Participants were 20 undergraduate students. They used a CAS in a mathematics education content course designed to make connections to the middle grades for such topics as number theory, trigonometry, and calculus. The results of the study demonstrated that the prospective teachers were able to design a rich mathematical activity using CAS. The prospective teachers' teaching philosophy for using CAS with middle grades students was changed.

Johnson, J. D. (2010). "Prospective Middle Grades Teachers of Mathematics Using Hand-Held CAS Technology to Create Rich Mathematical Task " Journal of Mathematical Sciences & Mathematics Education 5(2): 42-54.