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Influences of CAS and GC in early algebraUse SHIFT+ENTER to open the menu (new window).
2010
In the last years, several studies have investigated the role of technology in teaching and learning mathematics. However, the specific role of computer algebra systems (CAS) in early algebra in contrast to graphic calculators (GC) is still unclear. The CAYEN project is researching this field by comparing 13-year-old pupils—one GC class and two CAS classes have been observed while acquiring elementary algebraic competences with nearly the same teaching sequence. The field of algebraic competences is split into syntactic abilities and symbol sense. The results of this explorative case study show that the development of symbol sense is influenced by the adoption of CAS in the learning process. Especially when transitioning from arithmetic to algebra, the pupils’ views of algebra as well as their conceptions of algebraic objects seem to be affected by the availability of CAS.
CAS, Algebra, symbol sense, Graphing Calculator, CAYEN, Germany
NSF Study on TI-Navigator—Excerpts from Final ReportUse SHIFT+ENTER to open the menu (new window).
2010
Eight high schools from five school districts located in the northern half of Mississippi participated in the study.  These school partners provided facilities and logistical assistance for the administration of the pre- and post-tests.  They collaborated with the project staff by providing technology support and submitting demographic data upon request.  Partners in the schools supported professional development efforts by coordinating schedules with project personnel, as well as enabling and encouraging teachers to attend the sessions.

This excerpt presents data analysis summaries.
TI-Navigator, Algebra, Mississippi
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A comprehensive framework for improving mathematics in low-performing secondary schoolsUse SHIFT+ENTER to open the menu (new window).
2009
To improve mathematics in low-performing schools, educators should address a broad range of factors systemically, including an intensification strategy, coherent curriculum, effective pedagogy, deeper teacher mathematics knowledge, positive social factors and supportive organizational structures.
Algebra, low-performing schools, mathematics, urban, systemic interventions
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A Study of the Impact of Graphing Calculator Use in Algebra IUse SHIFT+ENTER to open the menu (new window).
2006
This study examined the use of graphing calculators over a one year time frame with students enrolled in Algebra I courses. Researchers sought to answer questions regarding the relationships among the use of graphing calculators on standardized assessments and student achievement, levels of access, and classroom use of graphing calculators. The researchers recruited participation in the study by high schools in two states. Students took two tests without using a graphing calculator then took a third test using a graphing calculator. Researchers examined data with a Repeated Measures General Linear Model (GLM), Multiple Regression, and Hierarchical Linear Modeling (HLM) to investigate differences and relationships between mathematics achievement, graphing calculators, and student and teacher variables. Researchers found that students demonstrated higher levels of math performance when a graphing calculator was used. There was a positive correlation between the residual gain scores and students using a classroom set of graphing calculators. Using HLM, researchers constructed a model where 12% of math achievement variability was statistically explained by: (1) student use of a graphing calculator; (2) student ownership of a graphing calculator; (3) student access and use of a classroom set of graphing calculator; (4) student familiarity in graphing more that one function; (5) teacher familiarity in writing a program using the graphing calculator; and (6) connecting graphing calculators to motion detectors, computers, or other graphing calculators.
Algebra, Texas, Secondary, TI-84, Graphing Calculator, Ownership
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Algebra Nspired Research Study Phase 2 Final Report Use SHIFT+ENTER to open the menu (new window).
2012
The Phase 2 ALN research yielded the following key findings:
• TI-Nspire Navigator is an important component of the ALN resource suite that complements other TI resources (i.e. ALN and TI-Nspire)
• The research found a marginally significant increase in learning associated with TI-Nspire Navigator, above and beyond TI-Nspire and ALN. (This result may be an underestimate of the full impact, due to implementation variation and other factors inherent to the research.)
• The ALN resource suite influenced teacher pedagogy to emphasize deeper learning for students
• Teachers believe that the ALN resource suite contributed to increased student engagement and supported deeper student learning
• In comparison with their less experienced peers, teachers with more experience with TI-Nspire and TI-Nspire Navigator:
▫ Were more likely to shift their pedagogy to include more high-level instructional activities
▫ Reported that their students were more engaged and learned more
▫ Had students who learned more math
• Teachers who used the technology more frequently also reported that their students were more engaged and learned more math
TI-Nspire, TI-Navigator, Algebra, Algebra Nspired, California
Bavarian M3 Project - Grade 10th Use SHIFT+ENTER to open the menu (new window).
2009
In Bavarian Grade 10 math classes using CAS:

-Competence improved in topics involving work with graphs and switching between representations.
-Algebra skills developed developed to the same level as non-CAS classes.
- Poor and average students improved more than good students.
- Student reaction to the graphing calculator was mixed.

In addition, teachers reported that new teaching methods are possible with the technology, in individual, small and large group work.
Graphin Calculators, CAS, Grade 10, Germany, Algebra, TI-Voyage 200
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Case Study #11 - Middle School Math Systemic Improvement using TI-NavigatorUse SHIFT+ENTER to open the menu (new window).
2007
In this systemic improvement program, district-wide proficiency on the standardized state test climbed steadily during three years from 39% to 62% in both 7th and 8th grades.
Case Study, TI-Navigator, Graphing Calculator, MathForward, Algebra, Grade 7, Grade 8, Pre-Algebra, Cognitive Tutor
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Case Study #15 - Development of Inquiry Based Content by Teachers and Students with TI-Nspire for Mathematics Teaching and Learning: Preliminary ReportUse SHIFT+ENTER to open the menu (new window).
2008
There is direct correlation between quality and frequency of use of TI-Nspire in the classroom and teachers’ and students’
attitudes and proficiency.
Case Study, TI-Nspire, New York, NY, Grade 9, Title I, Low Income, Multi-Racial, Algebra, FRPL, african american,hispanic, white, ELL, special needs, at risk
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Case Study #15 - Development of Inquiry Based Content by Teachers and Students with TI-Nspire for Mathematics Teaching and Learning: Preliminary Report Summary SlidesUse SHIFT+ENTER to open the menu (new window).
2008
Summary Slides for Case Study #15.  This is a preliminary report on this study.
Case Study, TI-Nspire, Algebra, Title 1, Low Income, Multi-Racial, african-american, hispanic, white, FRPL, ELL, at risk
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Case Study #19 - Algebra Students Show DeeperUse SHIFT+ENTER to open the menu (new window).
2009
By using the handheld, the students made the connections much quicker and seemed to understand the concept of how equations relate to lines and how they relate to the slope and vertical intercept.
Case Study, TI-Nspire, Algebra, Developmental, Post-Secondary, Community College, adult, white, hispanic
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Case Study #2: Students Achieve More in Algebra 3-4 with TI Graphing CalculatorsUse SHIFT+ENTER to open the menu (new window).
2006
a 5% increase in learning occurred directly due to the addition of technology in the classroom….The class that used technology was able to have a maximum score of 100% on the assessment, whereas the non-technology group only scored a maximum of 95%
Case study, Algebra, Grade 10, Grade 11, Grade 12, TI-83, Graphing Calculators, white
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Case Study #21 - Developmental Algebra Program Shows Gains with TI-Nspire TechnoogyUse SHIFT+ENTER to open the menu (new window).
2009
I think that many students were able to make a visual connection with the graphing and the action that created the graph.
Case Study, Developmental, Algebra, Community College, TI-Nspire
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Case Study #36: Teacher Sees Results in First Year Moving to TI-Nspire™ with New NY State CurriculumUse SHIFT+ENTER to open the menu (new window).
2010
TI-Nspire technology made possible a whole new way of teaching with major improvements in performance on the new NY State Regents exam.

The class was mostly paperless, and had no textbook.  Everything was distributed electronically via the TI-Nspire Handhelds and class web site.
TI-Nspire, Algebra 2, Trigonometry, Low income, at risk, special needs, white
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Case Study #39: 100% of At-Risk Students Master Algebra 2 with TI-Nspire™ Learning TechnologyUse SHIFT+ENTER to open the menu (new window).
2011
For the 2008-2009 school year, 100% of the students in Ms. Knox’s class demonstrated proficiency in the state’s End-of-Instruction (EOI) test for Algebra 2 when the students’ home
school permitted use of the TI-Nspire handheld on the test. Students from the one school that did notexperienced a 75% pass rate). Compared to other similar classes in schools that
allowed calculators on the state test, this represents nearly a doubling of the proficiency rate. For the 2009-2010 school year, 33 of her 36 students passed; exceptional
circumstances account for two of the three students who were not proficient.
“It’s amazing how this is all working,” Ms. Knox comments. “Everyone loves to come to class.
The second they walk through the door they’re engaged.”
This success in teaching mathematics has enhanced the reputation of the Tech Center, Ms. Knox reports. “The Tech Centers have been known for watering down the course to get the kids to pass. Now, even the IEP kids are passing the state test. People used to write off the Tech Center kids. Administrators from the sending districts now say the Tech Centers are no problem – it’s a new reputation. Now, we are known as the people who teach the math. In
fact, we were asked to provide the summer three-week remediation.”
Ms. Knox is also gaining converts among her colleagues. She reports that one of the sending school’s Algebra 2 teachers is getting a class set of TI-Nspire handhelds. No surprise, she’s
eager to show her system to her colleagues in all math subjects. “The TI-Nspire technology also works with geometry and calculus,” she says.
TI-Nspire, At Risk, High School, Algebra 2, Special Needs, case study
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Case Study #4: Connected Math Pre-Algebra and Algebra Grade 8 Students Show Gains with Graphing CalculatorsUse SHIFT+ENTER to open the menu (new window).
2006
“Calculators belong in the math classroom…The students are excited about them and enjoy any activities presented that allow them not only to use the calculators but to learn more about the possibilities surrounding them
Case study, TI-84, Pre-Algebra, Algebra, Secondary, Graphing Calculators
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Case Study #40: TI-Navigator Helps Differentiate Instruction for At-Risk StudentsUse SHIFT+ENTER to open the menu (new window).
2011
With a high-minority, low-income at-risk student body, TI-Navigator has become the backbone of a successful new way of engaging, high differentiated teaching of Algebra 1and 2.
Algebra, TI-84, TI-Navigator, Case Study, Hispanic, Native American, Low Income, Alternative School, AZ
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Case Study #6 - TI-Nspire™ CAS learning handheld helps pre-service math teachers in Algebra and CalculusUse SHIFT+ENTER to open the menu (new window).
2007
Dr. Lapp gives an example of how he posed a problem to his students and they used multiple representations to solve the problem, building their own deeper understanding of the behavior of functions.
Case study, TI-Nspire CAS, Pre-Service, Algebra, Calculus, Post-Secondary
Attachment
Case Study #7 - TI-Nspire™ CAS Learning Handheld Helps Algebra II Students Visualize Problems and Make ConnectionsUse SHIFT+ENTER to open the menu (new window).
2007
Ms. Thompson sees advantages for students in the way TI-Nspire CAS technology connects together applications, and
in the way the handheld allows students to write mathematics in the same way they will see it on screen. Ms. Thompson comments, “I think students will learn TI-Nspire CAS technology faster than they will other (graphing) calculators since it is built more like a computer.” She estimated that reaching full classroom proficiency took approximately 36 weeks.
Case study, TI-Nspire CAS, Algebra, Texas, Secondary, white
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Case Study# 18: Algebra I Teacher Helps Underachievers with TI-NspireUse SHIFT+ENTER to open the menu (new window).
2008
Using TI-Nspire, at midyear Ms. Hoyt had 2 to 4 times as many students in the “Basic” or “Proficient” level, compared to other teachers’ classes not using TI-Nspire
Case Study, TI-Nspire, Algebra, College prep, California, hispanic, white, ELL
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Case Study# 8 - TI-Nspire™ CAS Learning Handheld Helps Algebra IUse SHIFT+ENTER to open the menu (new window).
2007
“...“the ability to see multiple representations at one time really enhanced my students’ understanding… students were able to actually draw several lines of best fit on the screen and call up the equation to see how they were slightly dfferent.”
Case study, TI-Nspire CAS, Algebra, California, white, hispanic, FRPL
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CAYEN Final ReportUse SHIFT+ENTER to open the menu (new window).
2011
Results on Learning of Algebra from the CAYEN project
1. In lessons using the black-box-approach (in which the equation is unknown), CAS pupils who were taught with an emphasis on math principles mastered new challenges in algebra well and were able to work independently. 
2. Use of CAS makes it possible to get an overview of a topic at the beginning, simply by trying out new commands. Thus, with CAS it is easily possible to learn many aspects of a mathematical topic in parallel.
3. In our analysis of pupils’ written comparisons of graphic, numeric and symbolic representations, in the CAS-group we noticed many positive comments about advantages of algebra. An effect was that they were more motivated to use algebra and inserted it more often in open tasks.
4. CAS pupils master the transition from arithmetic to algebra more easily.
CAS students accept the output of the calculator as a common means of expression and realize the relevance of algebra. Furthermore, early in the curriculum they perceive the versatility of algebraic work in contrast to arithmetic approaches. By using CAS the pupils learned many commands and algebraic transformations; it did not matter that they could not do them all in a technology-free way. By contrast, GC-pupils sometimes had difficulties in accepting that the same underlying rules are valid in algebra and arithmetic. They argued that their calculators should be able to handle expressions with variables, if the same rules would be valid.
5. CAS-pupils’ argumentation concerning algebra included more mathematical arguments and was more objective than the argumentation of the GC-pupils.
6. We observed that the thoughts of pupils using CAS were on a high algebraic level and included reference to many concepts.
TI-Nspire, CAS, Germany, Algebra
Classroom Connectivity in Promoting Math and Science - summary videosUse SHIFT+ENTER to open the menu (new window).
2011
Three video clips by the principal investigators of the CCMS study are posted on YouTube:
Classroom Connectivity in promoting Math and Science Part 1 of 3
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RizZeIqSl9g

Classroom Connectivity in promoting Math and Science Part 2 of 3
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2xdzBuJXXP4

Classroom Connectivity in promoting Math and Science Part 3 of 3
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZiBFG_sb-fQ
CCMS, TI-Navigator, Algebra, Physics, TI-83
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Comparative Effectiveness of the Texas Instruments TI-Navigator: Year 2 Report of Randomized Experiments in the East Side Union High School District and San Diego Unified School DistrictUse SHIFT+ENTER to open the menu (new window).
2007
For the most part, the experiment could not discern an impact as a result of providing the equipment and training for TI-Navigator. As shown in the figure below, we found a modest effect for Geometry achievement using the NWEA End of Course Geometry test. This figure shows the outcome measure in standardized units. However, this impact was not reflected in CST Geometry scores. In Algebra, while we found no overall difference, there was some evidence of a small negative impact for students scoring “below basic” on the CST and, holding pretest score constant, for English proficient students. The results of the NWEA End of Course Algebra I test did not reflect those same results. Implementation must be considered in interpreting these findings. Our surveys and observations make clear that this implementation was not a fair test of the difference TI-Navigator might make if used more extensively. Of the 19 teachers originally assigned to the treatment group, about half did not use the system at all for instruction. Of the remaining nine teachers, only three could be considered “Comprehensive-Implementers.” Of those three, only one used TI-Navigator daily. Technical glitches deterred many from using the system after previous failed attempts. Overall use may have been constrained by the fact that California prohibits calculator use on state tests. Impact on NWEA Geometry Achievement Our results also must be qualified by the fact that, while finding differences on one test, we did not find differences on the other test. The  significant amount of attrition, both at the teacher and student levels, although not believed to be associated with the program being tested, raises issues about generalizability. For example, it is clear that in both experimental conditions, lower scoring students were significantly more likely to not have posttests, indicating that our findings are not applicable to the lowest scoring students in these districts. Overall, we found that the TI-Navigator affected the average number of minutes the technology was used. The teachers with TI-Navigator reported using the technology about 15 minutes more per week per class period than teachers without. Future exploratory analyses may prove useful in suggesting whether extent of usage can account for student outcomes. In particular, since TINavigator resulted in greater technology use, examining the correlation between technology use and achievement may suggest a mechanism by which TI- Navigator could be effective. Future studies of TI-Navigator will benefit from greater support for implementation. We also recommend continuing to include Geometry in the topics to which TI-Navigator is applied, since the positive result found in this experiment should be replicated.
TI-Navigator, Graphing Calculators, Geometrey, Algebra, California
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Does the Use of the TI-Nspire Navigator in a High School Mathematics Classroom Increase Student Achievement?Use SHIFT+ENTER to open the menu (new window).
2012
With the ever changing landscape of American education, it is vital for schools to provide teachers and students with the latest forms of technology that can foster a positive learning environment for all students. The advancements that have occurred in technology and education have greatly helped both students and teachers have success in the classroom. In addition, with the increase in diverse learners and varying achievement levels found in each classroom, it is crucial for teachers to be able to modify their lessons and differentiate instruction so that all learners can achieve. One specific advancement in technology and education has been the Texas-Instruments product, the TI-Nspire Navigator. The TI-Nspire Navigator is a wireless device that connects to the back of the students’ calculator. Connection occurs through a router and a laptop. Once connected, the teacher can send the students questions, quizzes, or data to the calculator instantly. At that point, students respond to the question by sending their results back to the teacher. The information is displayed on the laptop in an organized form. It is the goal of this study was to determine how the TI-Nspire Navigator affects student achievement in the classroom.
Specifically, this study analyzed the use of the TI-Nspire Navigator in two mathematics classrooms – one 9th grade Algebra Regents class and one 10th grade Algebra Extended Class containing special education students. Data was collected over a six week period, through student and teacher surveys, quiz/test results, and teacher observations. The researcher analyzed and observed how student achievement changed when the TI-Nspire Navigator was incorporated into the classroom. Furthermore, data was collected to observe its role in increasing student achievement for not just the general education student, but the special needs student as well.
TI-Navigator, TI-Nspire, New York, Algebra, Common Core Standards, CCSS, Special Education, Case Study
Enhancing Student Performance by Incorporating the TI-Nspire into Advanced AlgebraUse SHIFT+ENTER to open the menu (new window).
2012
The purpose of this action research study was to determine whether a more frequent integration of the TI-NspireTM into the pedagogy for my Advanced Algebra class would enhance the students’ achievement and increase their comfort with, usage of, and knowledge of graphing calculators in general and the TI-NspireTM in particular. I also wanted to determine students’ perceptions about the use of TI-NspireTM graphing calculators and technology in the teaching of Advanced Algebra. Pre- and post-surveys of the students were used to measure the students’ comfort with, usage of, and knowledge of graphing calculators in general and specifically the TI-NspireTM graphing calculator. Achievement was measured by students’ ability to reach scores of 89% on quizzes and tests. Students’ perceptions about the use of TI-NspireTM graphing calculators and technology in the teaching of Advanced Algebra were measured using a questionnaire at the end of the study. End of project interviews with participants and teacher journaling were also part of the study. Integration of TI-NspireTM graphing calculators into my pedagogy did have a positive effect on enhancing my students’ achievement on exams while also increasing their comfort with, usage of, and knowledge of graphing calculators in general and specifically the TI-NspireTM graphing calculator. I was also able to determine that my students had positive perceptions regarding the TI-NspireTM and the use of technology in the teaching of Advanced Algebra.
TI-Nspire, Algebra, Case Study, Action Research
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Final Report of A Study of the Impact of Graphing Calculator Use on State AssessmentsUse SHIFT+ENTER to open the menu (new window).
2006
In a statewide study relating graphing calculator use patterns to achievement, researchers found that:
Students demonstrated higher levels of math performance when a graphing calculator was used.
There was a positive correlation between the residual gain scores and students using a classroom set of graphing calculators.
TI-83, TI-84, TI-73, Ownership, 1:1, Texas, TAKS, Algebra, Graphing Calculators
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Impact of Handheld Graphing Calculator Use on Student Achievement in Algebra 1Use SHIFT+ENTER to open the menu (new window).
2005
This study investigated the relationship between instructional use of handheld graphing calculators and student achievement in Algebra 1. Three end-of-course test forms were administered (without calculators) using matrix sampling to 458 high-school students in two suburban school districts in Oregon and Kansas. Questions on two forms were drawn from Texas and Massachusetts publicly released standardized test items, and the third form was custom-designed to emphasize conceptual understanding and math applications. All classes used Key Curriculum Press’s Discovering Algebra textbook. Results showed that the more access students had to graphing calculators, and the more instructional time in which graphing calculators were used, the higher the test scores. In addition, scores were significantly higher where teachers reported receiving professional development on how to use a graphing calculator in math instruction.
TI-84, Algebra, Oregon, Kansas
Integrating multi-representational software into mathematics teaching -- trajectories of teachers' practicesUse SHIFT+ENTER to open the menu (new window).
2012
New digital technological tools offer increasingly complex functionalities with the facility to combine and manipulate multiple mathematical representations within a single software package. However, little is known about how teachers begin to integrate such technologies into their classroom practices. It can be argued that, without a deeper understanding of the teachers’ learning processes, it will be difficult to envisage how teachers can be supported in their professional development in order to meet the future needs of their more digitally aware students. Within the context of a research project that focused on the introduction of the Texas Instruments’ TI-Nspire handheld and software package to English classrooms (Texas Instruments, 2007), this chapter will outline the instrument utilisation schemes developed by the teachers as evidenced by the classroom activities they designed for their students. It continues to show how the analysis of an individual teacher’s utilisation schemes provides an insight into their learning trajectory within the context of the study. The chapter concludes by outlining some possible areas for future research.
TI-Nspire, Algebra, Geometry, Use Cases
Integrating TI-Nspire technology into algebra classrooms: Selected factors that relate to quality of instructionUse SHIFT+ENTER to open the menu (new window).
2010
 TI-Nspire technology, a new generation of graphing calculators, was integrated into high school integrated algebra curriculum. Four teacher-participants were supported through a yearlong professional development emphasizing the use of technology through an inquiry based approach. The data included the teachers’ perceptions about TI-Nspire technology, teachers’ proficiency with TI-Nspire technology, quality of instruction determined through classroom observations, and the frequency of technology use in the classroom based on questionnaire completed by the students. Data analysis indicates that there is a significant positive correlation between quality of instructional practice, quality of use of technology, and teachers’ level of TPACK. In general, teachers with better perceptions used technology in the classroom more frequently, were more proficient with the technology, had higher quality of instructions, and higher level of TPACK. Implications on years of experience and pre-service training are discussed
TI-Nspire, Algebra, New York, TPACK
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Matematikelevers första kontakt med CAS-räknare i gymnasiet: Ett studium av elever på Naturvetenskapliga programmets årskurs 3 när de för första gången använder CAS-räknareUse SHIFT+ENTER to open the menu (new window).
2011
Since fall 2007 Symbolic calculators (CAS-calculators) have been allowed in
national tests in Upper Secondary mathematics in Sweden. But their usage
in Swedish mathematics education is limited. One research question is: Are
modern CAS-calculators difficult to learn, for final year Science students in
Upper Secondary school? A second question is: What does the students think
about using CAS-calculators? I have observed mathematics students, a 3rd
year Science class, with theories according to Nielsen (1993). The five subquestions
that are measureable are: 1) Is the CAS-calculator easy to work
with?, 2) Is the CAS-calculator efficient to use?, 3) Is it easy to remember
the commands?, 4) Does the students make few errors?, and 5) what does the
student think about the CAS-calculator, is the experience pleasing?. When
collecting the material I used both observations of the 11 students, and questionnaires.
The two CAS-calculators that were used were the Casio Classpad
330 and the Texas Instruments TI’Nspire CAS.
The main results are that the CAS-calculator itself is easy to learn and
that the students are satisfyed with their experience with the calculator when
solving exercises in mathematics.
Casio ClassPad 330, TI-Nspire CAS, Algebra, Multiple representations, Sweden, Gymnasium, upper secondary
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MathForward 2008-9 Report: North Brunswick, NJUse SHIFT+ENTER to open the menu (new window).
2009
The data represent a reduced achievement gap between Integrated Algebra and College Prep Algebra. In Year 1, the gap declined from a 14.02% difference to a 8.18% difference in average number of proficient students. In Year 2, the gap declined from a 14.91% difference to 7.54% difference in the average number of proficient students.
MathForward, North Brunswick, Algebra, TI-84, TI-Navigator
Principles of Effective Pedagogy within the Context of Connected Classroom Technology: Implications for Teacher KnowledgeUse SHIFT+ENTER to open the menu (new window).
2010
Classroom Connectivity Technology (CCT) can serve as a tool for creating contexts in which students engage in mathematical thinking leading to understanding. We theorize four principles of effective mathematics instruction incorporating CCT based on examination of teachers‟ use of CCT within their Algebra I classrooms across four years. Effective implementation of CCT is dependent upon (1) the creation and implementation of mathematical tasks that support examination of patterns leading to generalizations and conceptual development; (2) classroom interactions that focus mathematical thinking within students and the collective class; (3) formative assessment leading to teachers‟ and students‟ increased knowledge of students‟ present understandings; and (4) sustained engagement in mathematical thinking. Each of these principles is discussed in term of its implications for teacher knowledge.
TI-Navigator, CCMS, Connect Classroom, Algebra, Teacher knowledge, discourse
Principles of effective pedagogy within the context of connected classroom technology: Implications for teacher knowledgeUse SHIFT+ENTER to open the menu (new window).
2011
Classroom Connectivity Technology (CCT) can serve as a tool for creating contexts in which students engage in mathematical thinking leading to understanding. We theorize four principles of effective mathematics instruction incorporating CCT based on examination of teachers‟ use of CCT within their Algebra I classrooms across four years. Effective implementation of CCT is dependent upon (1) the creation and implementation of mathematical tasks that support examination of patterns leading to generalizations and conceptual development; (2) classroom interactions that focus mathematical thinking within students and the collective class; (3) formative assessment leading to teachers‟ and students‟ increased knowledge of students‟ present understandings; and (4) sustained engagement in mathematical thinking. Each of these principles is discussed in term of its implications for teacher knowledge.
TI-Navigator, TI-84, CCMS, Algebra, Physics
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Research Note # 7 - Why invest in improving Algebra 2 and beyond?Use SHIFT+ENTER to open the menu (new window).
2008
By improving Algebra 2 and subsequent high school mathematics courses, schools could broaden the population of students who enroll and succeed in advanced mathematics courses. With each additional mathematics course completed, students become much more likely to graduate from college and to earn a high income as adults.
Research note, Algebra, College Readiness
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Stroup, W., L. Carmona, et al. (2005). IMPROVING ON EXPECTATIONS: PRELIMINARY RESULTS FROM USING NETWORK-SUPPORTED FUNCTION-BASED ALGEBRAUse SHIFT+ENTER to open the menu (new window).
2005
This paper reports preliminary analyses comparing results on the state-administered 8th Grade and 9th Grade algebra Texas Assessment of Knowledge and Skills (TAKS) for a treatment and a control group. The treatment group consisted of 127 students from algebra classes at a highly diverse school in central Texas taught by two relatively new teachers using a network-supported function-based algebra (NFBA) approach as integrated with the ongoing use of an existing school-wide algebra curriculum. The control group was comprised of 99 students taught by two more-senior teachers in the same school using only the school-wide algebra curriculum. The intervention consisted of implementing 20-25 class days worth of NFBA materials over an eleven-week period in the spring of 2005. Because the students were not randomly assigned to the classes, the study is a quasi-experimental design. Using a two sample paired t-Test for means, statistically significant results for the treatment group (p-value one tail = 0.000335  > alpha = 0.05) were obtained.  We can conclude the NFBA intervention was effective in improving outcomes related to learning the algebra objectives assessed on the 9th Grade TAKS.
TI-Navigator, Algebra, Generative Questioning
Teaching and Learning College Algebra with the TI-Navigator Wireless Handheld NetworkUse SHIFT+ENTER to open the menu (new window).
2008
TI-Navigator played a complementary, if not prominent, role in students' experience of feedback in college algebra. 

The results of this study indicate the TI-Navigator provides opportunities for interaction among students through interactive activities, which can lead to positive students' perceptions and more informed feedback to instructors about students' understanding.
TI-Navigator, College Algebra
Attachment
The Case for CASUse SHIFT+ENTER to open the menu (new window).
2004
There are many arguments for and against the use of CAS.  This book sets out to provide an argumentative case for the use of CAS.  The first section outlines of the key issues surrounding the use of CAS and the related research, which supports these findings.  The next section details the ideas of teachers from various countries who already use CAS in teaching, learning and assessment.  It sets out their experiences in terms of lesson ideas, teaching sessions, and the adaptations which have to be made to question types and examination papers, to assess suitably.  The final section of the book outlines the arguments for and against the use of CAS ("the Advocatus Diaboli"), providing what the authors believe is a convincing case for the use of CAS in the teaching and learning of Mathematics.
CAS, TI-89, TI-Nspire, Europe, Algebra
The Connected Algebra Classroom: A Randomized Control Trial. International Conference on Math Education Research (ICME-11). Monterrey, Mexico: 7.Use SHIFT+ENTER to open the menu (new window).
2008
In the first year of a large-scale, multi-state experimental study of the effects of TI-Navigator use in Algebra 1, the treatment group outperformed the control group in algebra performance.  The size of the effect was moderate (e.s.=.30, or about 14% difference in treatment-control group achievement), and occurred among items involving the coordinate plane, the most visual content.  See also:
Pape, S. J., K. E. Irving, et al. (2008). The impact of classroom connectivity in promoting Algebra I achievement: Results of a randomized control trial. American Educational Research Association (AERA). New York, NY, Ohio State University: 50.  Download from www.ccms.osu.edu.
TI-Navigator, Interactive Classroom, Algebra 1, experiment
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The Effect of Algebra Graphing Calculator Professional Development on Math Gains in a Florida High SchoolUse SHIFT+ENTER to open the menu (new window).
2006
This paper details the motivation, background, and analysis for studying the effect that an Increasing Achievement on Algebra Assessment (IAAA) workshop for a group of Florida high school teachers had on student pe/jormance in statewide testing. The main focus ofthe workshop was to provide participating teachers with both instruction and activities related to problem-solving techniques using the TI-83 Plus handheld graphing calculator that the teachers could then use in an effort to better prepare their students for state-wide testing. Overall, students (n = 328) who were taught by IAAA-trained teachers between consecutive annual statewide assessments had a greater gain in test scores than students (n = 202) who were taught by non-trained teachers. In particular, the data indicates a significant increase in scores for students taught by IAAA-trained teachers in a general mathematics course, as compared to no significant increase in scores for students taking that same course taught by non-trained teachers.
Algebra, graphing calculator, Professional Development, Florida, FCAT, TI-83
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The Effect of Handheld Devices on Student Achievement in Algebra.Use SHIFT+ENTER to open the menu (new window).
2010
This study compares the respective achievements of students in an integrated algebra course taught with two different types of handhelds over a period of one year. The experimental group was taught with TI-Nspire handhelds and was compared to the control group taught with TI-84 graphing calculators.  The teachers of each groups received on-going professional development in the same format.  Student achievement was measured via a midyear department test; Fall and Spring semester grades; and New York State Regents exam scores and passing rates.  Results indicated that the group taught with the TI-Nspire outperformed the other group in all assessments, including passing rates on Regents but not on the Regents exam scores. Further analysis indicated that girls outperformed boys in an identical pattern.  No significant differences in achievement by race were observed.
handheld technology, TI-Nspire, TI-84, Gender, Secondary Education, Algebra, Low Income, New York
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THE EFFECT OF USING A PROBLEM/PROJECT-BASED, DOCUMENT DRIVEN UNIT OF INSTRUCTION, ON HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS’ ACHIEVEMENT ON THE DATA ANALYSIS CLUSTER OF THE HSPA AND ON THEIR ATTITUDE TOWARD MATHEMATICS AND DATA ANALYSISUse SHIFT+ENTER to open the menu (new window).
2010
New Jersey’s urban students traditionally don’t do well on the high stakes NJ High School Proficiency Assessment. Most current remedial mathematics curricula provide students with a plethora of problems like those traditionally found on the state test. This approach is not working. Finding better ways to teach our urban students may help close this achievement gap. This study examined whether a problem/project-based data analysis unit incorporating the document features of the TI-Nspire would help students master data analysis concepts. The study used a quasi-experimental pre/Post-test design enhanced by a qualitative component. A four-week problem/project based data analysis unit served as the curriculum for the intervention treatment. Students were assigned either the TI-84 or the TI-Nspire calculator. Twelve sections of ninth grade students were divided into four basic study groups: (Intervention (TI-84), Traditional (TI-84), Intervention (TI-Nspire), and Traditional (TI-Nspire)).
The quantitative component of the study analyzed differences between students’ pre/post- Total, Multiple-choice, Open-ended mean scores and quantified attitudinal responses. The analysis showed students in the TI-Nspire groups improved more on the Total test and Multiple-choice questions while students in the TI-84 group performed better on Open-ended questions. The Intervention Curriculum was more effective for Multiple-choice questions, Traditional Curriculum for Open-ended questions and Total scores. Student interviews revealed they didn’t like taking notes and answering questions on the TI-Nspire. Some students liked referring to the information in the calculator while others felt that accessing information was too time consuming. The merits of the TI-Nspire document feature needs further exploration. Analysis of the quantified attitudinal survey showed an increase in the positive attitudes of students using the TI-Nspire.
Both qualitative and quantitative evidence showed the Traditional TI-84 group had fewer changes in attitude and content knowledge than everyone else combined, suggesting the need to change how we teach data analysis. Problem/project-based learning, if introduced gradually, may prove to be an effective teaching/learning educational practice.
Further exploration needs to match students’ technological and data analysis proficiencies when determining readiness for student-centered learning that expects students to be calculator proficient and comfortable with basic quantitative procedures such as finding measures of central tendency and variation.
TI-Nspire, TI-84, Algebra, New Jersey, HSPA, 9th Grade, Urban
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The Effects of the TI-Navigator System on Student Achievement and Attitude in AlgebraUse SHIFT+ENTER to open the menu (new window).
2007
The University of Mississippi, with funding provided by Texas Instruments, completed a study on the effects of the TI-Navigator System on student achievement and attitude, in algebra II. Students (n = 386) were divided into control and experimental groups in two sites. In a quasi-experimental design, the control group used TI calculators as appropriate for lessons while the experimental group used TI calculators and the Navigator System in the same lessons. Using a pre-posttest design, students in both groups completed an attitudinal survey and a content test designed to focus on algebraic concepts and skills with specific attention to functions, graphing, systems of equations, and concept of variable. Findings from the study indicated that both groups showed improvement in their content but the experimental group gains were statistically significant at the
p < .007 level. Attitudes were not significantly affected between the two groups.
TI-Navigator, Algebra, Mississippi, Graphing Calculators
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The Effects of the TI-Nspire CAS on Student Learning, a Phase I Project.Use SHIFT+ENTER to open the menu (new window).
2008
A qualitative study in one algebra geometry III classroom of students using TI-Nspire CAS showed TI-Nspire CAS  had a positive effect on students’ understanding of solving equations, using parentheses, and understanding equivalent operations.
TI-Nspire CAS, algebra, geometry, students understanding, equations,
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The Effects of the Use of Handheld Devices on Student Achievement in Algebra - Lyublinskaya + Tournaki 2009Use SHIFT+ENTER to open the menu (new window).
2009
This study compares the achievement of students, enrolled in an integrated algebra course, taught with two different types of handhelds over a period of one year. One group was taught with TI-Nspire handhelds and was compared with another group taught with TI-84 graphing calculators.  The teachers of both groups received on-going professional development.  Student achievement was measured via a midyear school test, fall and spring semester grades, and New York State Regents exam scores.  Results indicated that the group taught with TI-Nspire outperformed the other group in all assessments except the Regents exam.  Further, analysis of scores indicated that girls outperformed boys in all assessments except the Regents exam, while there were no differences in achievement by race.
handheld technology; gender differences; secondary education; quasi-experiment; algebra; student achievement; New York; TI-Nspire; TI-84
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The Impact of Graphing Calculators on Student Performance in Beginning Algebra: An Exploratory Study (Synopsis)Use SHIFT+ENTER to open the menu (new window).
2009
This exploratory study focused on what students learned in algebra, how it was different for students with differential access to graphing calculators, the use of the technology on tasks of different cognitive demand, and whether the teachers' background and experience with graphing calculators might be related to student outcomes. The study considered two conditions: high quality professional development and high frequency calculator use on the part of the students and involved three different populations: 1) teachers who seldom or never used graphing calculators in their classrooms; 2) teachers who used graphing calculators in their classrooms but without a high degree of support and ongoing professional development; and 3) teachers with a high degree of support and ongoing professional development in the use of graphing calculators for instruction. Statistically significant results (p,<004 or better) indicate that access to and use of graphing calculators seems to increase achievement, achievement decreases for both users and nonusers of calculators as the cognitive demand of the tasks increases, and while the background and experience of the teachers seems to make a difference for the top 75 percent of the students, some students perform at very low levels with or without the technology.
Graphing Calculator, Algebra, TI-84
The Impact of Handheld Graphing Calculator Use on Student Achievement in Algebra 1Use SHIFT+ENTER to open the menu (new window).
2005
In a gain score study of handheld graphing calculator use by 458 high-school Algebra 1 students in two suburban school districts in Oregon and Kansas, using Key Curriculum Press’s Discovering Algebra textbook:
-The more access students had to graphing calculators, and the more instructional time in which graphing calculators were used, the higher the test scores.
-Scores were significantly higher where teachers reported receiving professional development on how to use a graphing calculator in math instruction.
Graphing Calculator, Algebra,TI-84
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THE IMPACT OF USING TECHNOLOGY ON STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT: TEACHING FUNCTIONS WITH THE TI-NSPIRE TO 9TH GRADE ALGEBRA STUDENTS.Use SHIFT+ENTER to open the menu (new window).
2011
The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of TI-Nspire graphing calculator use on student achievement and on teacher behavior variables of planning, teaching, and assessing. This study investigated the teaching of functions by teachers using the TI-Nspire graphing calculator versus teachers using a non-graphing scientific calculator.
A review of the literature found that the emergence of calculators and computers has changed the way mathematics is both done and used (Ellington, 2006; Thorpe, 1989; & Kieran, 1992). Research also showed that students can effectively use a graphing calculator as an instructional tool to make and understand different types of representations (Choi-Koh, 2003; Colgan, 1993; and Drijvers & Doorman, 1996). Other studies have shown how graphing calculator use has engaged students in higher level thinking skills (Dessart, DeRidder, Charleen, & Ellington, 1999; Ellington, 2006; Graham & Thomas, 1998; Keller & Hirsch, 1998; Huntley, Rasmussen, Villarubi, Sangtong, & Fey, 2000; & Ronau et al., 2008). Since it is a relatively new tool, there is a limited amount of research on the classroom use of the TI-Nspire. The TI-Nspire is designed to link together multiple-representations within a single problem, so the concept of functions is an ideal context within which to study the impact of the TI-Nspire.
This was a quasi-experimental study. The researcher gathered and analyzed pre-test, post-test, and post post-test data on student performance on function concepts. The study included a 90 minute classroom observation of each class as well as document analysis of weekly questionnaires, daily lesson plans, and daily assessments. Vignettes employed classroom observations, document analysis, and thick description to triangulate the results of the qualitative analysis.
During the summer prior to this study, all teachers attended 12 hours of training over the course of two days with a National Texas Instruments Instructor in which they were trained to use the TI-Nspire graphing calculator. Teachers were then given a TI-Nspire, TI-Nspire emulator and access to online Atomic learning video training (Atomic Learning, 2011), to continue their exploration of the TI-Nspire. The week prior to the study, the teachers attended another day of professional development activity taught by a Texas Instruments Trained Cadre member. This “Function Focused Session” was six hours long and provided review on the TI-Nspire, specific training about teaching the function concept with the TI-Nspire, and time to create lesson plans and activities for this study. During the two weeks of treatment and two weeks of follow up, teachers met once a week for “Weekly Touchdown Sessions,” a 90 minute meeting held after school to complete a weekly questionnaire, turn in lesson plans, assessments, and receive further professional development on the TI-Nspire. Providing a trained Texas Instruments Instructor on a weekly basis to answer questions, assist in providing direction for the following week, and meeting weekly with the teachers to complete questionnaires were vital strategies necessary to support teachers with this new technology tool and to assure their fidelity in treatment implementation and control maintenance. All professional development sessions were taught by Texas Instruments trained Instructors.
The results from four teachers, each with one treatment class using the TI-Nspire and one control class using a non-graphing scientific calculator, were significant on the pre-test with the control group having a higher mean score than the treatment group and statistical significance on the post post-test with the treatment group having a higher mean score than the control group. While there was a statistically significant effect of Teacher Zeta on the post-post test in comparisons with the other teachers, most of the teacher effect was controlled for within the design of the study. To control for teacher effect, all teachers taught both a treatment and a control class. For each teacher, one of their two algebra classes was randomly assigned to treatment and the other was then assigned to control. There was not enough power in the data to properly analyze the effect of socioeconomic status and special education.
This study supports the use of TI-Nspire graphing calculators in Algebra classrooms while studying the concept of functions. This study shows that, while using the TI-Nspire graphing calculator, the use of multiple representations and higher Depth of Knowledge activities can be used to improve student achievement, and impact classroom teaching, and lesson planning. While this study shows the impact of the TI-Nspire graphing calculator for the concept of functions, further research is needed to continue evaluating the impact of the TI-Nspire across additional mathematics topics.
TI-Nspire, Algebra, 9th Grade, Kentucky
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The importance of intention and order: teaching for conceptual understanding using handheld technologyUse SHIFT+ENTER to open the menu (new window).
2009
While it seems clear that instruction on both procedures and concepts is important in mathematics education, the relative importance of each and the order teachers should use each to build instruction with handheld technology such as graphing calculators is still unsettled.
TI-Nspire, handheld technology,graphing calculators,algebra,linear equations
The role of ICTs in learning algebra: a systematic review.Use SHIFT+ENTER to open the menu (new window).
2008
A UK review of 14 studies of multiple representations found that gains in understanding and visualization can result from multiple representations, when:
• Software is well designed
• Teachers are skilled
• Students know how to use the device critically, including use of visualization to solve problems in graphing. 
Lower attaining students preferred working with tables, and had trouble moving between symbolic, tabular and graphical forms, depending on the nature of the task assigned.
ICT, Graphing Calculator, Algebra, Research Review
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TIM – A two-year Model test on the calculator use from class 7 and 9Use SHIFT+ENTER to open the menu (new window).
2008
A quasi-experimental study of graphing calculator use in grades 7-10 of one German state showed average performance increases were above the expected increase by all participating classes.  Average gains were: Class 7: ~12%; Class 8: ~6%; Class 9: ~10%, Class 10: ~12%
TI-84, Middle School Math, Algebra, Germany,Graphing Calculators
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TI-Navigator™ Technology and Algebra IUse SHIFT+ENTER to open the menu (new window).
2005
Students showed improvement in the areas of: conceptual understanding, classroom interactions, quantity and quality of responses, time on task and time to start tasks
TI-Navigator, Algebra 1, Hawaii, TI-84,graphing Calculators
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TI-Navigator™ Technology and Algebra IUse SHIFT+ENTER to open the menu (new window).
2005
The study focused on three research questions:
- What is the effect of the use of the TI-Navigator technology on eighth-grade Algebra I students’ achievement in the areas of graphing, solving systems of equations, and solving linear equations?
- What is the effect of the use of the TI-Navigator technology on eighth-grade Algebra I students’ attitudes and beliefs about the use of calculators and other technology in mathematics, specifically algebra?
- What is the effect of the use of the TI-Navigator technology on eighth-grade Algebra I students’ interactions during mathematics class?
Two eighth-grade algebra classes were matched in terms of gender and achievement levels by a random process used at the project site. One class was randomly selected to be
the control group and the other designated as the experimental group. The control group class used calculators as appropriate to their regular curricular program but were not
given access to the TI-Navigator technology. The experimental class used the TINavigator
technology daily for two months during the two chapters designated in this study. The calculator used in both classes with the TI-84 Plus Silver Edition. Each student was assigned a calculator for use at school but may not have had access at home.
Pre-and post-tests on content knowledge were administered at the appropriate times concurrently with an attitudinal survey. Daily classroom observations were also conducted and recorded using an observation protocol.
This summary reports the statistical data taken from the two administrations of the content knowledge tests. The description of how the appropriate statistical procedure was
selected is included.
TI-Navigator, Algebra, TI-84, Hawaii,Graphing Calculators
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Tough to Teach/Tough to Learn: Research Basis, Framework, and Principles for a Practical Application of TI-Nspire™ Technology in the Math Nspired seriesUse SHIFT+ENTER to open the menu (new window).
2009
 The Math Nspired series of curriculum supplements currently include Algebra Nspired and Geometry Nspired. The supplements grew from research on the “tough to
teach/tough to learn” topics, which our item analysis of state tests showed to be common points of difficulty for many students. To determine the underlying reasons for
the difficulty, we consulted the research on the reasons why students struggle with key concepts in Algebra and Geometry.
TI-Nspire, Math Nspired, Algebra,Geometry, tough to teach, tough to learn